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PeGazUs ontology

Release 2024-09-13

Revision:
Version 0.1 - 2025-03-04
Author:
Charly Bernard
Contributors:
Nathalie Abadie
Bertrand Duménieu
Julien Perret
Publisher:
http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource/Institut_national_de_l%27information_g%C3%A9ographique_et_foresti%C3%A8re
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Visualization:
Visualize with WebVowl
Cite as:
PeGazUs ontology. Revision: Version 0.1 - 2025-03-04.
Ontology Specification Draft

Abstract

PeGazUs ontology to represent the evolution of geographical entities.

Introduction back to ToC

This ontology was developed to represent historical addresses in a structured way. This objective involves representing not only numbered addresses, but also pathway-addresses that were in use when numbered addressing systems had not yet been established. It also provides a way of representing changes to the geographical features on which address definitions are based (streets, notable buildings, administrative units, etc.). Finally, it allows the source of each fact recorded in the corresponding knowledge graph to be defined.

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
peg<https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#>
crh-ehess-fr<https://crh.ehess.fr>
landmarkrelationtype<https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType>
ns<http://creativecommons.org/ns>
org<http://www.w3.org/ns/org>
owl<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl>
resource<http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource>
xsd<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema>
skos<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core>
voaf<http://purl.org/vocommons/voaf>
rdfs<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema>
sparql-service-description<http://www.w3.org/ns/sparql-service-description>
landmarktype<https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType>
rdf<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns>
terms<http://purl.org/dc/terms>
changetype<https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType>
attributetype<https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/AttributeType>
time<http://www.w3.org/2006/time>
vann<http://purl.org/vocab/vann>
prov<http://www.w3.org/ns/prov>
entity<http://www.wikidata.org/entity>
foaf<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1>
default namespace<https://w3id.org/PeGazUs>

PeGazUs ontology: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Named Individuals

Detailed description back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by PeGazUs ontology.

Classes

Addressc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#Address

An address defines an indirect spatial reference to a location that is the target of the address. This location is described as a sequence of address segments, each of which describes the relationships between entities.
has super-classes
is in domain of
has first step op, has step op, targets op
is in range of
is a step of op

Address segmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#AddressSegment

An address segment describes a relationship between a landmark (the locatum) and one or more other landmarks (the relatums). An address segment may be followed by another address segment that describes a relationship between the locatum of the previous address segment and other landmarks.
has super-classes
Landmark relation c
has sub-classes
final Address segment c
is in domain of
has next step op, is a step of op
is in range of
has first step op, has next step op, has step op

Attributec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#Attribute

An attribute is a property of a geographic entity.
is in domain of
has version op, is attribute type op
is in range of
has attribute op, is attribute version of op

attribute typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#AttributeType

An attribute type is a category of attributes defined by common characteristics.
has super-classes
concept c
is in range of
is attribute type op
has members
Geometry ni, INSEE code ni, Name ni

Attribute versionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#AttributeVersion

An attribute version is a version of an attribute which has a specific value.
is in domain of
has different version value from op, has same version value as op, has version value dp, is attribute version of op, is made effective by op, is outdated by op
is in range of
has different version value from op, has same version value as op, has version op, makes effective op, outdates op

Changec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#Change

A change is any modification made to a geographic feature or its attributes, or to a relationship between features.
has super-classes
has sub-classes
Change on a landmark c, Change on a landmark relation c, Change on an attribute c
is in domain of
depends on the event op, is applied to op, is change type op
is in range of
has change op, is changed by op

Change on a landmarkc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkChange

A change on a landmark is a change of state of a landmark (appearance, disappearance).
has super-classes
Change c

Change on a landmark relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkRelationChange

A change on a landmark relation is a change of state of this relation (appearance, disappearance).
has super-classes
Change c

Change on an attributec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#AttributeChange

A change on an attribute is a modification applied to an attribute, it defines one or more of its versions that are created or outdated when the change is applied.
has super-classes
Change c
is in domain of
makes effective op, outdates op
is in range of
is made effective by op, is outdated by op

Change Typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#ChangeType

A change type is a category of changes defined by common characteristics.
has super-classes
concept c
is in range of
is change type op
has members
Appearance of a landmark ni, Appearance of a landmark relation ni, Appearance of an attribute version ni, Disappearance of a landmark ni, Disappearance of a landmark relation ni, Disappearance of an attribute version ni, Transition between attribute versions ni

Construction graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#ConstructionGraph

A named graph containing intermediate results produced during the knowledge graph construction process.
has super-classes
Graph c

Crisp temporal entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#CrispTemporalEntity

A crisp temporal entity is an entity that has a precise moment in time, which is either an instant or an interval.
has super-classes
Temporal entity c
has sub-classes
Crisp time instant c, Crisp time interval c

Crisp time instantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#CrispTimeInstant

A crisp time instant is a precise moment in time, defined by a timestamp, a calendar, and a temporal precision.
has super-classes
Crisp temporal entity c, Time instant c
is in domain of
a pour timestamp dp, has calendar op, has time precision op, is after op, is as precise as op, is at the same time op, is before op, is less precise than op, is more precise than op
is in range of
has fuzzy beginning op, has fuzzy end op, has fuzzy peak op, is after op, is as precise as op, is at the same time op, is before op, is less precise than op, is more precise than op

Crisp time intervalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#CrispTimeInterval

A crisp time interval is a precise time interval, whose bounds are defined by crisp time instants.
has super-classes
Crisp temporal entity c, Time interval c

Entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Entity

An entity is a physical, digital, conceptual or other element, which has certain fixed aspects; it can be real or imaginary.
Is defined by
http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-o#
is in domain of
was derived from op
is in range of
was derived from op

Eventc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#Event

Event describing a development involving one or more resources at a given time.
is in domain of
has change op, is after op, is at the same time op, is before op
is in range of
depends on the event op, is after op, is at the same time op, is before op

final Address segmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#FinalAddressSegment

A final address segment is the last segment of an address, it is not followed by any other segment.
has super-classes
Address segment c

Final graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#FinalGraph

A named graph representing the final, consolidated knowledge graph.
has super-classes
Graph c

Fuzzy temporal entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#FuzzyTemporalEntity

A fuzzy temporal entity is an entity that represents a temporal concept with some degree of uncertainty.
has super-classes
Temporal entity c
has sub-classes
Fuzzy time instant c, Fuzzy time interval c

Fuzzy time instantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#FuzzyTimeInstant

A fuzzy temporal instant represents an instant whose temporal value is uncertain or imprecise. This uncertainty may be described using three relations to precise temporal instants: - hasFuzzyBeginning indicates the lower bound of the temporal uncertainty; - hasFuzzyPeak indicates the central or most probable instant; - hasFuzzyEnd indicates the upper bound of the temporal uncertainty. These relations are optional and may be used independently of one another depending on the level of precision available in the data.
has super-classes
Fuzzy temporal entity c, Time instant c
is in domain of
has fuzzy beginning op, has fuzzy end op, has fuzzy peak op

Fuzzy time intervalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#FuzzyTimeInterval

A fuzzy time interval represents an interval whose at least one temporal bound is uncertain or imprecise.
has super-classes
Fuzzy temporal entity c, Time interval c

Graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#Graph

A named graph used as a container for RDF statements.
has super-classes
named graph c
has sub-classes
Construction graph c, Final graph c, Source graph c

Landmarkc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#Landmark

A landmark is a geographic entity. It can be a street, a building, a country, or any other point of reference in space.
is in domain of
is landmark type op
is in range of
has locatum op, has relatum op, is a version of op, targets op

Landmark relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkRelation

It is a relation that represents a relation existing between one or more landmarks. Such relations may take various forms, including: - geographic relations, for example when a landmark is located at the corner of two other landmarks; - hierarchical relations, for example when a landmark is the capital of another administrative entity; - as well as other domain-specific or contextual relations depending on the application needs.
has sub-classes
Address segment c
is in domain of
has locatum op, has relatum op, is landmark relation type op

Landmark versionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkVersion

A landmark version is a specific instance of a landmark at a given time.
has super-classes
is in domain of
is a version of op

Source graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#SourceGraph

A named graph containing data directly derived from sources.
has super-classes
Graph c

Temporal entityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#TemporalEntity

A temporal entity is an instance of a temporal concept.
has super-classes
temporal entity c
has sub-classes
Crisp temporal entity c, Fuzzy temporal entity c, Time instant c, Time interval c
is in range of
has time op

Time instantc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#TimeInstant

A time instant is an instance of a temporal entity.
has super-classes
Temporal entity c
has sub-classes
Crisp time instant c, Fuzzy time instant c
is in range of
has beginning op, has end op

Time intervalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#TimeInterval

A time interval is a period of time.
has super-classes
Temporal entity c
has sub-classes
Crisp time interval c, Fuzzy time interval c
is in domain of
has beginning op, has end op

Type of landmarkc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkType

A type of landmark is a category that allows classifying the different types of landmarks.
has super-classes
concept c
is in range of
is landmark type op
has members
Administrative unit ni, Country ni, District ni, District number ni, House number ni, Municipality ni, Postal area ni, Street number ni, Structure ni, Thoroughfare ni, Undefined ni

type of landmark relationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkRelationType

A type of landmark relation is a category that allows classifying the different existing relations between landmarks.
has super-classes
concept c
is in range of
is landmark relation type op
has members
Along ni, Belongs to ni, Between ni, Corner ni, Ends at ni, Is part of ni, Is similar as ni, Starts at ni, Touches ni, Within ni

Object Properties

afterop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#after

Gives directionality to time. If a temporal entity T1 is after another temporal entity T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the end of T2.
Gives directionality to time. If a temporal entity T1 is after another temporal entity T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the end of T2.
has sub-properties
interval after op
has domain
temporal entity c
has range
temporal entity c
is inverse of
before op

beforeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#before

Gives directionality to time. If a temporal entity T1 is before another temporal entity T2, then the end of T1 is before the beginning of T2. Thus, "before" can be considered to be basic to instants and derived for intervals.
Gives directionality to time. If a temporal entity T1 is before another temporal entity T2, then the end of T1 is before the beginning of T2. Thus, "before" can be considered to be basic to instants and derived for intervals.

has characteristics: transitive

has sub-properties
interval before op
has domain
temporal entity c
has range
temporal entity c
is inverse of
after op

depends on the eventop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#dependsOn

Describes whether a change belongs to an event
has domain
Change c
has range
Event c
is inverse of
has change op

has attributeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasAttribute

Describes the attribute for an element
has domain
thing c
has range
Attribute c
is inverse of
is attribute of op

has beginningop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasBeginning

Start of time interval
has domain
Time interval c
has range
Time instant c

has calendarop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#timeCalendar

Time-based calendar (Gregorian, Julian, Revolutionary)
has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
t r s c

has changeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasChange

Defines the changes linked to the event
has domain
Event c
has range
Change c
is inverse of
depends on the event op

has different version value fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#differentVersionValueFrom

Indicates that two versions of attributes have different values

has characteristics: symmetric

has domain
Attribute version c
has range
Attribute version c

has earliest time instantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasEarliestTimeInstant

Earliest time linked to the resource
has super-properties
occurs after op
has range
temporal instant c

has endop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasEnd

End of time interval
has domain
Time interval c
has range
Time instant c

has first stepop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#firstStep

First step of an Address
has super-properties
has step op
has domain
Address c
has range
Address segment c

has fuzzy beginningop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasFuzzyBeginning

Defines the start of validity for a fuzzy instant
has domain
Fuzzy time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c

has fuzzy endop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasFuzzyEnd

Defines the end of validity for a fuzzy instant
has domain
Fuzzy time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c

has fuzzy peakop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasFuzzyPeak

Defines the validity peak for a fuzzy instant
has domain
Fuzzy time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c

has latest time instantop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasLatestTimeInstant

Latest time linked to the resource
has super-properties
occurs before op
has range
temporal instant c

has locatumop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#locatum

Gives the landmark which is the locatum for the landmark relation
has domain
Landmark relation c
has range
Landmark c

has next stepop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#nextStep

Describes that an address segment is followed by another address segment
has domain
Address segment c
has range
Address segment c

has next versionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasNextVersion

Describes that one landmark version precedes another
is inverse of
has previous version op

has previous versionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasPreviousVersion

Describes that one landmark version follows another
is inverse of
has next version op

has relatumop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#relatum

Gives the landmark which is one of the relatums for the landmark relation
has domain
Landmark relation c
has range
Landmark c

has rootop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasRoot

Describes that an element has another element of reference as its root
has sub-properties
has root op
is inverse of
is root of op

has rootop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasRootLandmark

Describes that an landmark has another landmark as its root
has super-properties
has root op
is inverse of
is root of op

has same version value asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#sameVersionValueAs

Indicates that two versions of attributes have similar values

has characteristics: symmetric

has domain
Attribute version c
has range
Attribute version c

has stepop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasStep

Describes that an address has an address segment as its step

has characteristics: transitive

has sub-properties
has first step op
has domain
Address c
has range
Address segment c
is inverse of
is a step of op
has sub-property chains
has first step op o has next step op
has step op o has next step op

has timeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasTime

Time value linked to a resource
has range
Temporal entity c

has time precisionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#timePrecision

Time accuracy (to the day, month, year, etc.)
has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
temporal unit c

has traceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasTrace

Describes that an element has another element as its trace
is inverse of
is trace of op

has versionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasAttributeVersion

Version of a value associated with the attribute
has domain
Attribute c
has range
Attribute version c
is inverse of
is attribute version of op

interval afterop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalAfter

If a proper interval T1 is intervalAfter another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalAfter another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the end of T2.
has super-properties
after op, interval disjoint op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval before op

interval beforeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore

If a proper interval T1 is intervalBefore another proper interval T2, then the end of T1 is before the beginning of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalBefore another proper interval T2, then the end of T1 is before the beginning of T2.
has super-properties
before op, interval disjoint op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval after op

interval containsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalContains

If a proper interval T1 is intervalContains another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is before the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is after the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalContains another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is before the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is after the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval during op

interval disjointop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalDisjoint

If a proper interval T1 is intervalDisjoint another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the end of T2, or the end of T1 is before the beginning of T2, i.e. the intervals do not overlap in any way, but their ordering relationship is not known.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalDisjoint another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the end of T2, or the end of T1 is before the beginning of T2, i.e. the intervals do not overlap in any way, but their ordering relationship is not known.
has sub-properties
interval after op, interval before op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c

interval duringop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalDuring

If a proper interval T1 is intervalDuring another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalDuring another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2.
has super-properties
interval in op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval contains op

interval equalsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalEquals

If a proper interval T1 is intervalEquals another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalEquals another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c

interval finished byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalFinishedBy

If a proper interval T1 is intervalFinishedBy another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is before the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalFinishedBy another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is before the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval finishes op

interval finishesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalFinishes

If a proper interval T1 is intervalFinishes another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalFinishes another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
has super-properties
interval in op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval finished by op

interval inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalIn

If a proper interval T1 is intervalIn another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2 or is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2, or is coincident with the end of T2, except that end of T1 may not be coincident with the end of T2 if the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalIn another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2 or is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2, or is coincident with the end of T2, except that end of T1 may not be coincident with the end of T2 if the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2.
has sub-properties
interval during op, interval finishes op, interval starts op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c

interval meetsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalMeets

If a proper interval T1 is intervalMeets another proper interval T2, then the end of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalMeets another proper interval T2, then the end of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval met by op

interval met byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalMetBy

If a proper interval T1 is intervalMetBy another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalMetBy another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval meets op

interval overlapped byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalOverlappedBy

If a proper interval T1 is intervalOverlappedBy another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2, the beginning of T1 is before the end of T2, and the end of T1 is after the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalOverlappedBy another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is after the beginning of T2, the beginning of T1 is before the end of T2, and the end of T1 is after the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval overlaps op

interval overlapsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalOverlaps

If a proper interval T1 is intervalOverlaps another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is before the beginning of T2, the end of T1 is after the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalOverlaps another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is before the beginning of T2, the end of T1 is after the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval overlapped by op

interval started byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalStartedBy

If a proper interval T1 is intervalStarted another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is after the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalStarted another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is after the end of T2.
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval starts op

interval startsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalStarts

If a proper interval T1 is intervalStarts another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2.
If a proper interval T1 is intervalStarts another proper interval T2, then the beginning of T1 is coincident with the beginning of T2, and the end of T1 is before the end of T2.
has super-properties
interval in op
has domain
proper interval c
has range
proper interval c
is inverse of
interval started by op

is a step ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isStepOf

Describes that an address segment is a step of an address
has domain
Address segment c
has range
Address c
is inverse of
has step op

is a version ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#versionOf

Defines which landmark a version depends on
has domain
Landmark version c
has range
Landmark c

is afterop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#eventAfter

Describes the temporal relationship of posteriority between two events

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Event c
has range
Event c
is inverse of
is before op

is afterop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#instantAfter

Describes the temporal relationship of posteriority between two instants

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c
is inverse of
is before op

is applied toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#appliedTo

Defines what the change applies to
has domain
Change c
has range
Attribute c or Landmark c or Landmark relation c
is inverse of
is changed by op

is as precise asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#instantAsPreciseAs

Compares time accuracies between two instants

has characteristics: symmetric

has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c

is at the same timeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#eventSameTime

Describes the temporal relationship of simultaneity between two events

has characteristics: symmetric

has domain
Event c
has range
Event c

is at the same timeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#instantSameTime

Describes the temporal relationship of simultaneity between two instants

has characteristics: symmetric

has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c

is attribute ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isAttributeOf

Defines the frame of reference for which the attribute exists
is inverse of
has attribute op

is attribute typeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isAttributeType

Describes the type of attribute.
has domain
Attribute c
has range
attribute type c

is attribute version ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isAttributeVersionOf

Attribute associated with the attribute version
has domain
Attribute version c
has range
Attribute c
is inverse of
has version op

is beforeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#eventBefore

Describes the temporal relationship of anteriority between two events

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Event c
has range
Event c
is inverse of
is after op

is beforeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#instantBefore

Describes the temporal relationship of anteriority between two instants

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c
is inverse of
is after op

is change typeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isChangeType

Describes the type of change.
has domain
Change c
has range
Change Type c

is changed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#changedBy

Defines the change applied to the element
has domain
Attribute c or Landmark c or Landmark relation c
has range
Change c
is inverse of
is applied to op

is landmark relation typeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isLandmarkRelationType

Describes the type of landmark relation.
has domain
Landmark relation c
has range
type of landmark relation c

is landmark typeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isLandmarkType

Describes the type of landmark.
has domain
Landmark c
has range
Type of landmark c

is less precise thanop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#instantLessPreciseThan

Compares time accuracies between two instants

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c
is inverse of
is more precise than op

is made effective byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isMadeEffectiveBy

Describes the fact that a version of an attribute is made effective by a change
has domain
Attribute version c
has range
Change on an attribute c
is inverse of
makes effective op

is more precise thanop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#instantMorePreciseThan

Compares time accuracies between two instants

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
Crisp time instant c
is inverse of
is less precise than op

is outdated byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isOutdatedBy

Describes the fact that a version of an attribute is rendered obsolete by a change
has domain
Attribute version c
has range
Change on an attribute c
is inverse of
outdates op

is overlapped by versionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isOverlappedByVersion

Describes that one landmark version is overlapped by another
is inverse of
overlaps version op

is root ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isRootLandmarkOf

Describes that an landmark is the root of another
has super-properties
is root of op
is inverse of
has root op

is root ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isRootOf

Describes that an element is the root of another
has sub-properties
is root of op
is inverse of
has root op

is trace ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#isTraceOf

Describes that an element is the trace of another element
is inverse of
has trace op

makes effectiveop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#makesEffective

Describes the fact that a change makes a version of an attribute effective
has domain
Change on an attribute c
has range
Attribute version c
is inverse of
is made effective by op

occurs afterop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasTimeAfter

Indicates that the resource is linked to an instant prior to the associated instant
has sub-properties
has earliest time instant op
has range
temporal instant c

occurs beforeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasTimeBefore

Indicates that the resource is linked to a time after the associated time
has sub-properties
has latest time instant op
has range
temporal instant c

outdatesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#outdates

Describes the fact that a change invalidates a version of an attribute
has domain
Change on an attribute c
has range
Attribute version c
is inverse of
is outdated by op

overlaps versionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#hasOverlappingVersion

Describes that one landmark version overlaps another
is inverse of
is overlapped by version op

targetsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#targets

Target the marker describing the Address
has domain
Address c
has range
Landmark c

was derived fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom

The more specific subproperties of prov:wasDerivedFrom (i.e., prov:wasQuotedFrom, prov:wasRevisionOf, prov:hadPrimarySource) should be used when applicable.
Is defined by
http://www.w3.org/ns/prov-o#
has domain
Entity c
has range
Entity c

Data Properties

a pour timestampdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#timeStamp

Timestamp lié à l'instant
has domain
Crisp time instant c
has range
date time stamp

has version valuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#versionValue

Value linked to an attribute version
has domain
Attribute version c

Named Individuals

:ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#

belongs to
vocabulary c

Administrative unitni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/AdministrativeUnit

Area resulting from an administrative division (district, municipality, country...)
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Alongni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/Along

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum runs alongside the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Appearance of a landmarkni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/LandmarkAppearance

Change describing the appearance of the landmark
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

Appearance of a landmark relationni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/LandmarkRelationAppearance

Change describing the appearance of a landmark relation.
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

Appearance of an attribute versionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/AttributeVersionAppearance

Change describing the appearance of a version of an attribute
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

Belongs toni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/Belongs

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum belongs to the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Betweenni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/Between

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum is between the relatums
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Centuryni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#unitCentury

A period of 100 years.
belongs to
temporal unit c

Cornerni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/Corner

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum is at the corner the relatums
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Countryni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/Country

Administrative entity describing a state or country
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Dayni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#unitDay

A period of 24 hours.
belongs to
temporal unit c

Decadeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#unitDecade

A period of 10 years.
belongs to
temporal unit c

Disappearance of a landmarkni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/LandmarkDisappearance

Change describing the disappearance of the landmark
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

Disappearance of a landmark relationni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/LandmarkRelationDisappearance

Change describing the disappearance of a landmark relation.
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

Disappearance of an attribute versionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/AttributeVersionDisappearance

Change describing the disappearance of a version of an attribute
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

Districtni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/District

Administrative entity describing a district
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

District numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/DistrictNumber

Numéro d'un bâtiment, d'un immeuble lié à un quartier
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Ends atni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/EndsAt

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum ends at the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

French Republican calendarni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q181974

Système de calendrier de la Révolution française
belongs to
t r s c

Geometryni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/AttributeType/Geometry

Attribute describing the geometry of an element
belongs to
concept c
attribute type c

House numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/HouseNumber

Number associated with a landmark used to identify a building, a company or a person within the landmark.
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

INSEE codeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/AttributeType/InseeCode

Attribute describing the INSEE code of an element
belongs to
concept c
attribute type c

Is part ofni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/IsPartOf

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum is part of the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Is similar asni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/IsSimilar

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum is the same thing as the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Monthni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#unitMonth

A period of approximately 30 days.
belongs to
temporal unit c

Municipalityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/Municipality

Administrative entity describing a city, town or commune
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Nameni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/AttributeType/Name

Attribute describing the name of an element
belongs to
concept c
attribute type c

Postal areani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/PostalCodeArea

Postal area defined by a code
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

proleptic Gregorian calendarni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727

Extension du calendrier grégorien à avant son introduction
belongs to
t r s c

proleptic Julian calendarni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985786

Extension du calendrier julien à avant son introduction
belongs to
t r s c

Starts atni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/StartsAt

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum begins at the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Street numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/StreetNumber

Number of a building linked to a street
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Structureni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/Structure

Defined location (building, shop, house, etc.)
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Thoroughfareni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/Thoroughfare

Any element relating to a thoroughfare (street, square, avenue, etc.)
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Touchesni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/Touches

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum touches the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Transition between attribute versionsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/ChangeType/AttributeVersionTransition

Change describing the transition between versions (appearance and disappearance) of an attribute
belongs to
concept c
Change Type c

type of attributeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#AttributeList

Liste des différents rôles pouvant être joués par un attribut, représentés comme une liste de concepts SKOS.
belongs to
concept scheme c

type of changeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#ChangeList

Liste des différents rôles pouvant être joués par un changement, représentés comme une liste de concepts SKOS.
belongs to
concept scheme c

Type of landmarkni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkList

Liste des différents rôles pouvant être joués par un repère, représentés comme une liste de concepts SKOS.
belongs to
concept scheme c

Type of landmark relationni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs#LandmarkRelationList

Liste des différents rôles pouvant être joués par une relation entre repères, représentés comme une liste de concepts SKOS.
belongs to
concept scheme c

Undefinedni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkType/Undefined

Undefined or unknown place
belongs to
concept c
Type of landmark c

Weekni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#unitWeek

A period of 7 days.
belongs to
temporal unit c

Withinni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/PeGazUs/id/codes/LandmarkRelationType/Within

Relation between landmarks defining that the locatum is within the relatum
belongs to
concept c
type of landmark relation c

Yearni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2006/time#unitYear

A period of approximately 365 days.
belongs to
temporal unit c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals

References back to ToC

Charly Bernard, Nathalie Abadie, Bertrand Duménieu, Julien Perret. Reconstructing the Temporal Evolution of Geographic Entities from Fragmentary Knowledge. International Knowledge Graph and Semantic Web Conference, Nov 2025, Leipzig, Germany. pp.192-207. DOI
Charly Bernard, Solenn Tual, Nathalie Abadie, Bertrand Duménieu, Julien Perret, Joseph Chazalon. PeGazUs: A knowledge graph based approach to build urban perpetual gazetteers. International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW 2024), Nov 2024, Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp.364-381. DOI

Acknowledgements back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.